Any increase in ISO is simply the camera's processor amplifying the signal. Sensors are designed to operate within a certain range, which is their 'Native' ISO. Extended ISO is simply further amplification of the signal beyond the native range, usually at the exponential expense of IQ loss and increased grain.
Contrary to popular belief, it does not make the sensor more sensitive to light, nor more able to absorb light.
I'm familiar only with hardware base, analog signal amplification. How how does (if it does) extended ISO make image brighter without resorting to longer exposure times?
XKAES, I definitely do appreciate the question. I had suggested an RX100-series camera for her as a starting point.
Her brand interest is a loyalty based on non-camera products. I'm not going to knock that; I've got a number of my own brand-biases of my own. Nikon is out for her because it's not Sony (though, to be fair, it's also because my representation of the Nikon brand is filled with antiquities and ponderously heavy dSLRs). If I already had mirrorless gear from Fuji or Nikon, the argument might be different.
In the end, she wants a system, so she can use it and share use of it with her kids (who are big enough to handle a camera with care, but small enough to be burdened by the bulk of a full dSLR -- for now I've gotten them a pair of waterproof Kodak point and shoots). I should point out that she is also fairly small; even a small dSLR is probably more than she would want to carry regularly.
Since I have nothing to fit her interest, we're going to build a system. Left to my own devices, I'd be looking at several brands; but Sony is her desire and I've no reason to steer differently. It's ostensibly for her, but if we're building a system (and I'm learning it to help her learn it) then I have every expectation I'll be using it regularly as well. It wouldn't make any sense to, say, go on vacation and she's carrying Sony, I'm carrying Nikon, and the eldest daughter is carrying something else entirely...
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